Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is used in horses as a short-term bronchodilator for the management of airway obstruction and for chronic breathing ailments in horses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, also known as "hea …

Long ago, veterinarians discovered that there are many surgical and other medical procedures which can be carried out in standing horses if the appropriate combinations of physical and chemical restraint are employed. The ability to perform procedure …

Strictly speaking, exotic animal medicine encompasses all zoo animals, wildlife, and nondomestic pets,1 and the modalities of treatment for zoo animals and wildlife are nearly identical. This of course includes physical as well as chemical immobiliza …

Diclazuril is a triazinone antiprotozoal that is effective for treating infections caused by Isospora spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria spp. and has been used for treating coccidiosis.1 Initially, diclazuril was approved in Europe and in the U.S. …

Atipamezole, a synthetic drug with an imidazole structure, is a highly selective α2-adrenergic antagonist.1,2 Typically used to counteract the sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, and other effects produced by α2-adrenergic agonists (such as dexmedetomidin …

While there are inherent risks to deep sedation over general anesthesia in veterinary medicine,1 it is generally accepted that sedation carries less risks compared to general anesthesia in most cases. “While no clear statistics exist regarding the mo …

Veterinarians are regularly called upon to anesthetize a wide variety of exotic animals. For the purposes of this discussion, exotic animals are those non-domesticated species that are encountered in the field, in a zoo setting or those which have fo …

General anaesthetics and/or sedatives can take a number of hours to wear off and in some cases can cause patients to appear drowsy for more than a day. General anesthetic in healthy animals pose little risk, however, morbidity due to anesthesia does …

The use and study of wild animals frequently involves physical handling and in some instances the performance of surgical or other stressful procedures. With few exceptions, the requirements for domestic species are typically those of pain relief and …