The management of large hoofstock in the wild or on preserves often necessitates live capture of specific individuals, and chemical immobilization is generally the most effective method for capturing these animals. Selective capture of deer and other …

How long is a horse pregnant? Well, the short answer is 10 to 12 months, or from approximately 326 days to 354 days (although there have been cases where gestation for a mare has gone as long as 365 to 370 days). Most mares only carry one foal per pr …

While most animals ultimately do well with general anesthesia in the hands of a dedicated veterinarian, the fact is that general anesthesia does pose inherent risks, and this is the case in both animal and human medicine. Exotic animals in the wild, …

Estradiol is a medication and naturally-occurring steroid hormone. It is an estrogen and is used mainly in hormone therapy. Estrogen therapy is currently being used widely by veterinarians treating intermittent upward patellar fixation (IUPF) in hors …

Standing sedation is a critical component in many key procedures done on-site and in the equine veterinary clinic. When choosing between the available sedation drugs, veterinarians must consider safety, cost effectiveness for the client and the pract …

Clenbuterol hydrochloride is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is used in horses as a short-term bronchodilator. In the short-term, it is typically employed in the management of airway obstruction (eg, severe equine asthma [SEA], formerly known as recurre …

Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is used in horses as a short-term bronchodilator for the management of airway obstruction and for chronic breathing ailments in horses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, also known as "hea …

Long ago, veterinarians discovered that there are many surgical and other medical procedures which can be carried out in standing horses if the appropriate combinations of physical and chemical restraint are employed. The ability to perform procedure …

Strictly speaking, exotic animal medicine encompasses all zoo animals, wildlife, and nondomestic pets,1 and the modalities of treatment for zoo animals and wildlife are nearly identical. This of course includes physical as well as chemical immobiliza …