Field wildlife anesthesia is often necessary for both invasive (e.g., surgical) and noninvasive (e.g., blood collection, collaring, metabolic) procedures. Anesthesia for noninvasive procedures is commonly utilized for the safety of the investigators …

Chemical immobilization consists of the use of chemical anesthetic and/or sedation agents to subdue, restrain or immobilize wildlife. The reasons for employing chemical immobilization in the field generally include research studies, conservation and …

In the mid-20th Century, the chemical immobilization of exotic animals became of increasing necessity, but at that time, there were no protocols nor procedures in widespread use in the field of wildlife management. In the late 1950s, the first comple …

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic disease in horses caused by infection with the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona. The parasite infects horses when they ingest the S. neurona organism in contaminated feed or water. The definitive …

Veterinarians first described the set of symptoms that would come to be known as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in 1968.1 In the 1970s, researchers determined that this this devastating neurologic illness was caused by a protozoan, although …

Diclazuril is a triazinone antiprotozoal that is effective for treating equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. It is also used in treating infections caused by Isospora spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria spp,1 and a …

In wildlife medicine, it is often necessary to chemically restrain animals to perform even the most basic procedures. This is particularly true when working with large animals, particularly large carnivores. Therefore, it is important for veterinaria …

There are currently over 2,400 zoos in the United States, and all of them have animals that require routine veterinary care and, occasionally, more invasive medical procedures. The “first responders” and first line of defense in a zoo medical program …

There is little difference between indigenous or exotic animals in a zoo setting versus in the wild, save for the inherent stressors involved in being in captivity. Whether dealing with a fox or a tiger in a zoo setting, these animals will periodical …