Historically, the pharmacological immobilization of wild animals can be traced back to certain South American tribes who used curare-coated arrows to take down prey animals. Curare is an alkoloidal neurotoxin and muscle relaxant that competes with ac …

The broad term “anesthesia” typically covers simple immobilization and recovery via heavy sedation as well as general anesthesia, despite these two modalities being distinctly different. The latter involves central nervous system depression resulting …

Performing general anesthesia in the field can be impractical as well as stressful for wildlife managers, veterinarians and their support staff; even under ideal conditions, it can cause morbidity and mortality in animals.1 Thus, immobilization proto …

Field wildlife anesthesia is often necessary for both invasive (e.g., surgical) and noninvasive (e.g., blood collection, collaring, metabolic) procedures. Anesthesia for noninvasive procedures is commonly utilized for the safety of the investigators …

Chemical immobilization consists of the use of chemical anesthetic and/or sedation agents to subdue, restrain or immobilize wildlife. The reasons for employing chemical immobilization in the field generally include research studies, conservation and …

In the mid-20th Century, the chemical immobilization of exotic animals became of increasing necessity, but at that time, there were no protocols nor procedures in widespread use in the field of wildlife management. In the late 1950s, the first comple …

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic disease in horses caused by infection with the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona. The parasite infects horses when they ingest the S. neurona organism in contaminated feed or water. The definitive …

Veterinarians first described the set of symptoms that would come to be known as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in 1968.1 In the 1970s, researchers determined that this this devastating neurologic illness was caused by a protozoan, although …

Diclazuril is a triazinone antiprotozoal that is effective for treating equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. It is also used in treating infections caused by Isospora spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria spp,1 and a …