The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated animal that is descended from the wild guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Their range encompasses the high Andes mountains of South America. Llamas are camelids (Camelidae); they are related to camels and are sometimes …

Whether inspiring the sale of cuddly plush toys for kids or the fictional Pushmi-pullyu of Dr. Doolittle fame, the llama (Lama glama) is probably the most widely-recognized of the world’s camelids next to the camel itself. The llama is a large cameli …

One of the more common post-sedation and post-anesthesia complications in both domestic and exotic animals is emesis (vomiting). If this occurs once or twice after a surgical procedure can be considered normal however, if the vomiting continues, it c …

Veterinarians, wildlife managers and llama farmers are often called upon to immobilize llamas to mark them for identification, provide veterinary treatment or to perform management functions. While the term “immobilization” references any forced rest …

Although the words “sedation” and “anesthesia” are often used interchangeably, in the clinical sense, there is a distinct difference between the two. Sedation is a pharmacologically-induced depression of consciousness during which an animal cannot be …

Today, researchers, veterinarians and wildlife management personnel are able to obtain certain types of biological data without the need to physically handle animals due to the development of non- and minimally invasive medical procedures. Some infor …

Regardless of the method used, there are numerous risks associated with the capture and/or chemical immobilization of wildlife. These risks include complications such as capture myopathy, aspiration, dehydration, hypothermia, hyperthermia, respirator …

The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated herd animal with a range encompassing the high Andes of South America. Llamas are related to camels (family (Camelidae) and are sometimes called New World camelids or lamoids, a group that includes llamas, alp …

Chemical immobilization—whether discussing sedation or anesthesia—has become the chief method of capture for large wildlife species. This is because it has proven to be a safer method compared to traps, capture with nets or the mass-capture of herds …

Next to the camel itself, the llama (Llama glama) is probably the most iconic and well-known of the camel family (Camelidae), although llamas lack the characteristic back humps of Old World camelids. These animals are New World camelids, since they o …

Llamas (Lama glama) are domesticated camelids that are believed to be descended from the wild guanaco (Lama guanicoe). These New World camelids come from a group known as lamoids, which includes llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Fossil evidence …

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) occupies the arid regions of the Middle East and northern Africa through northern India. There are also feral populations in central Australia, where they were introduced in the middle of the 19thCentury. The …

The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a member of the camelid family (Camelidae, order Artiodactyla), which includes dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos.1 They are also known as lamoids, which are m …

The chemical immobilization of dromedary camels is needed on occasion in order to mark them for identification, provide veterinary treatment or to perform management functions. “Immobilization” refers to any forced restriction of movement of all or p …

While the terms “anesthesia” and “sedation” are often used interchangeably, there are distinct differences between the two. Anesthesia is a pharmacologically-induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, and loss of skeletal …

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) has not existed in the wild for 2,000 years, having been widely domesticated beginning approximately 3,500 years ago. Their native range includes areas of the Middle East through northern India and desert reg …

There are inherent risks to wildlife species whenever chemical immobilization is employed, and these are often more pronounced when dealing with larger species. These risks include complications like capture myopathy, aspiration, dehydration, hypothe …

Once called “The Ships of the Desert”, the dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedaries) was first domesticated beginning approximately 3,500 years ago. At this point, the dromedary camel has been so widely domesticated that there are no longer na …

Camels are native to northern Africa and Asia, and are known for their ability to go for long periods without both food and water. The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) has one back hump, whereas the domesticated Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) an …

The domestic one-humped dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) remains an important resource in its range across northern Africa, the Middle East and western Asia. The ancestors of modern camels originated in North America, later becoming extinct ther …

There are two main species of camel; the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). All camels are camelids, the family that includes camels, alpacas and llamas. They are members of the biological family Camel …

The dromedary camel has not occurred in the wild for nearly 2,000 years, having been widely domesticated beginning approximately 3,500 years ago. Domesticated dromedary camels are now found in regions of the Middle East, northern India, and northern …

The alpaca (Lama pacos or Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated member of the camel family (Camelidae, orderArtiodactyla). Believed to be derived from the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) several thousand years ago, it is closely related to the other lamoids (Sou …

Lamoids are a group of South American camelids (Camelidae) that includes llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Many of these animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Over many years, some have been interbred and developed for various …

The alpaca (Vicugña pacos) is a domesticated member of the camelid family (Camelidae), which also includes llamas, guanacos, vicunas and camels. All except the latter are New World camelids, which are sometimes called lamoids.1Native to the high alti …

Today, chemical immobilization—sedation and/or anesthesia—is the chief method of capture for large wildlife species. This is because it has proven to be a safer, superior method to traps, capture with nets and the mass-capture of herds of animals. In …

The alpaca (Vicugña pacos) is a lamoid that is native to the Andes and which has been used for its fleece since it was domesticated approximately 4000-6000 years ago. Lamoids are a group of South American camelids (Camelidae) that includes llamas, al …

There are numerous risks associated with the capture and/or chemical immobilization of wildlife, regardless of what specific method is used. These risks include complications such as capture myopathy, aspiration, dehydration, hypothermia, hyperthermi …

Over the years, the development of non- and minimally invasive medical procedures has allowed researchers, veterinarians and wildlife management personnel to obtain certain types of biological data without the need to physically handle animals. Howev …

“Sedation” is a pharmacologically-induced depression of consciousness during which an animal cannot be easily aroused, but may respond following certain types of stimulation. In contrast, “anesthesia” is a pharmacologically-induced reversible state o …

Alpaca farmers, veterinarians and wildlife managers routinely need to immobilize alpacas to mark them for identification, provide veterinary treatment or to perform management functions. The term “immobilization” references any forced restriction of …

The alpaca (Vicugña pacos) is a domesticated species of South American camelid (Camelidae). This group of animals, also called lamoids, includes llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Like camels, these animals originated in North America over 40 mi …

The alpaca (Vicugña pacos) is a lamoid, a word used to reference several species of South American camelids (Camelidae). This particular group of animals includes llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. While camels, llamas, and alpacas have been dom …

Alpacas (Vicugña pacos) are slender-bodied animals with a long neck and long legs, a short tail, a small head, and large, tapering ears. Alpacas are members of the camelid family (Camelidae), which includes dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bac …

The alpaca (Vicugña pacos or Lama pacos) is the smallest relative of the camel. Alpacas are lamoids, a word used to reference several species of South American camelids (Camelidae). This particular group of animals includes llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, …

While lay persons sometimes refer to the alpaca (Lama pacos or Vicugna pacos) as “a type of llama,” these animals are actually a discrete species that was probably descended from the vicuña several thousand years ago. Alpacas are distinguished from l …

Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries, also called Arabian camels) are found in the Middle East, northern India and northern Africa. There is also a population of feral dromedary camels in Australia, where they were introduced nearly 200 years ago. H …

Camels are even-toed ungulates comprised of two main species: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries, or the Arabian camel) and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). The Bactrian camel has two humps and is native to east Asia, while the dromedar …

Once called “the ships of the desert,” dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) were domesticated more than 3,000 years ago. Today, humans still depend on them for transport and for their wool, milk, meat, leather and dung (which can be used for fuel). …

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) is an even-toed ruminant that occupies the arid regions of the Middle East and northern Africa through northern India. These animals have been so widely domesticated that wild dromedary camels are generally u …

The two-humped or Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) once served as a primary means of transport between East and West, especially during the time of the Silk Road. Named after an ancient region in Central Asia, “Bactrian” was first used to distingu …

The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is native to central Asia. While domesticated Bactrian camels number in the millions, there are said to be less than 1,000 of these animals left in their native range in Mongolia. Bactrian camels can reach seve …

The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) inhabits parts of central Asia and western China. The main characteristic that sets Bactrian camels apart from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) is that they have two humps on their backs, whereas dromedar …

Native to the steppes of Central Asia, the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a migratory species, with habitats that range from rocky foothills to deserts. These are regions with extremely harsh conditions in both summer and winter. Here, vegeta …

Camels were first domesticated between 3,000 to 3,500 years ago.1 The two-humped or Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) once served as a primary means of transport between East and West, especially during the time of the Silk Road, the network of rou …

Having been widely domesticated beginning approximately 3,500 years ago, the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) has not occurred naturally in the wild for over 2,000 years.1 Today, domestic dromedary camels (also called Arabian camels) are found i …

Few animals are as iconic as the camel. There are two main species of camel that are recognized; the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Both species are large animals with an average height of 6-1/2 fe …

The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a large ungulate that is native to Central Asia. These camels have two humps on their backs, distinguishing them from dromedary (or Arabian) camels (Camelus dromedarius) which have one hump. Bactrian camels …

For the purposes of translocation, diagnostic testing and medical treatment, chemical immobilization has become the preferred method of capture for large wildlife species. In the majority of cases, this has proven to be a safer, superior method to tr …

The chemical immobilization of Bactrian camels can become necessary for wildlife management, physiological study and research. The drugs used for chemical immobilization can adversely affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of these animals …

Capture and chemical immobilization events carry numerous risks to wildlife regardless of species or size, but these are often more pronounced when dealing with larger species such as Bactrian camels. These risks include complications such as capture …

Camelus bactrianus, or the Bactrian camel, inhabits parts of central Asia and western China. These animals are set apart from their more western-ranging relative, the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), in that Bactrian camels have two humps on th …

Although the majority of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the world have been largely domesticated, research, zoos and management programs occasionally require the capture and manipulation of these animals. The development of decreasingly inva …

The terms “anesthesia” and “sedation” are often used interchangeably, but there is a distinct difference between the two, as well as their effects. Anesthesia is a pharmacologically-induced, reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiven …

The term “immobilization” refers to any forced restriction of movement of all or part of an animal’s body, while “chemical immobilization” achieves this using drugs which have a range of intended effects. These may include unconsciousness with lack o …

The chemical immobilization of camels is may become necessary for a variety of reasons, including physiological study, research, and for the purposes of wildlife management. The drugs used for chemical immobilization can adversely affect the cardiova …

Chemical immobilization has become the chief method of capture for large wildlife species for the purposes of translocation, diagnostic testing and medical treatment. In most cases, it has proven to be a safer, superior method to traps, capture with …

Capture and chemical immobilization events carry inherent risks to wildlife regardless of species or size, but these are often more pronounced when dealing with larger species such as camels and other hoofstock. These risks include complications like …

Despite the fact that the majority of camels in the world have been largely domesticated, research, zoos and management programs can require the capture and manipulation of these animals. The development of non- and minimally invasive procedures over …

“Anesthesia” is a pharmacologically-induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, and loss of skeletal muscle reflexes. In contrast, “sedation” is a pharmacologically-induced depression of consciousness during which an anima …

Veterinarians, wildlife managers and researchers sometimes need to immobilize camels to mark them for identification, provide veterinary treatment or to perform management functions. The term “immobilization” references any forced restriction of move …

The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is native to the steppes of Central Asia. They are migratory, with habitats that range from rocky foothills to deserts. These are areas with extremely harsh conditions where vegetation tends to be sparse and wa …

It is likely that few animals are as well-recognized around the world as the camel. There are three recognized species of camel: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), which is the most widespread; the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)and the wild B …

Camels are large, hoofed ruminants that are native to northern Africa and Asia; they have been long noted and valued for their ability to go for long periods without both food and water. The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Ar …

Adapted to the harsh conditions of the Middle East and Central Asia, camels have been so widely used as pack animals in these regions over the past 3,500 years that the majority of camels have been domesticated.1 There are three recognized species of …

Camels are even-toed ungulates that inhabit the desert areas of western Asia and central and east Asia. There are two main species of camel: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries, or the Arabian camel) and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). …

Inhabiting the desert areas of western Asia and central and east Asia, camels are even-toed ungulates comprised of two main species: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries, or the Arabian camel) and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). The Bact …

Camels include any of three species of large hoofed ruminants that inhabit northern Africa and Asia which are known for their ability to go for long periods without water. The Arabian, or dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) has one back hump, while …

There are few wild species that are as iconic as the camel. There are three recognized species of camel; these are the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus). Approximatel …

The nyala is a large antelope that is found in the eastern part of southern Africa. There are two subspecies of nyala; the lowland nyala (Tragelaphus agasi) and the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni). “Nyala” is the Swahili name for this antelope, …

The word “antelope” is used to describe a wide variety of horned mammals in the Families Bovidae and Antilocapridae. Antelope males and the females of some species have unbranched horns that attach to the frontal bones of the skull.The sable antelope …

The African sable (Hippotragus niger) is an antelope that inhabits the savannah of East Africa below Kenya and down into South Africa. The sable is included among the subfamily Hippotragus, meaning “horse antelope.”1 Antelopes within this subfamily a …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is considered one of Africa’s most visually striking antelopes. Its build, mane and gain has led to its inclusion in the “horse antelope” genus (Hippotragini).1There are four subspecies of sable: Black sable (also Masti …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus)is a medium-sized antelope that inhabits the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld regions of South Africa, and it is the most common antelope in these areas. They also tend to inhabit areas close to …

Known for their iconic appearance and spectacular leaps, the impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a widely-distributed African ungulate comprised of several subspecies. Impala are most often found in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, and Southern …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized antelope inhabiting the bushveld regions of South Africa and the savannas of eastern and southern Africa, and is the most common antelope in these areas. Impala are reddish-brown in color with lighter …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a widely-distributed African ungulate comprised of several subspecies. The most common in East Africa is Aepyceros melampus rendilis; Aepyceros melampus petersi, the black-faced impala, is distributed further south. …

The Impala (Aepyceros melampus) is the most common antelope of the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld regions of South Africa. Like other antelopes, it is a member of the family Bovidae, and the only member of the subfamily (or …

Known for their spectacular and iconic leaps when alarmed or pursued by predators, the impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a widely-distributed African ungulate comprised of several subspecies. The most common in East Africa is Aepyceros melampus rendilis …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is the most common antelope of the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld regions of South Africa. Known for its agility and spectacular leaps when startled or evading predators, it is a member of the …

The sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) inhabits the savannah woodlands in southeastern Africa, with isolated populations of sable in Angola, Zimbabwe, northeastern Botswana, Mozambique, the northeastern part of the Caprivi Strip in Namibia and South …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a widely-distributed African ungulate that is comprised of several subspecies. The most common in East Africa is Aepyceros melampus rendilis; Aepyceros melampus petersi, the black-faced impala, is distributed furthe …

The iconic impala (Aepyceros melampus) occupies the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld regions of South Africa and is the most common antelope in these areas. As with other antelopes, it is a member of the family Bovidae, and th …

The impala, (Aepyceros melampus) is a swift, agile antelope, and the most abundant ruminant in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa. It is often seen in large breeding herds closely shepherded by a territorial male. The impala can be described …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is one of the most well-recognized and widely-distributed antelopes of the African savannah. Known for their spectacular and iconic leaps when alarmed or pursued by predators, the impala is comprised of of several subs …

Comprised of several subspecies, the impala (Aepyceros melampus) is one of the most well-known and widespread of the African ungulates. Often known (and photographed) for their spectacular leaps, impala are most often found in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Uganda …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is one of the most widely-distributed African antelopes, and one of the most dominant species of antelope on the African savannah. Known for their spectacular, iconic leaps when alarmed or pursued by predators, this an …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is probably the most well-known of the African antelopes. Residing in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld regions of South Africa, the impala is the most widespread and common antelope in these …

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is the most widespread antelope of the savannas of eastern and southern Africa and the bushveld of South Africa.1 It is a medium-sized antelope with slender, well-developed legs and a long neck. The impala stands 28–36 …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is an African antelope of stout build, short neck, long face, and dark a mane. Both males and females have long, ringed horns that rise and curve backward. They are members of the Hippotraginae family, due to their horse …

The sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) is found in the savannah woodlands in southeastern Africa, with isolated populations in Angola. In southern Africa, they occur in Zimbabwe, northeastern Botswana, scattered subpopulations in Mozambique, the nort …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is a large African antelope of stout build with a long face, short neck, and dark mane.1Sable have very large, ringed horns which rise upward and curve backward. Both males and females have horns, but those of the female …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is an African antelope that belongs to the Hippotraginae subfamily, largely owing to its horse-like, stout build and stance.1 Both males and females have long, ringed horns that rise and curve backward. Apart from the ho …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is one of the most impressive African antelopes. Like other antelope, they are members of the family Bovidae, but are also included in the subfamily Hippotragini. The latter literally means “horse goat”, and designates a …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is a large antelope that inhabits the savannah of East Africa below Kenya and into South Africa. They are members of the Hippotraginae subfamily, due to their horse-like build and erect mane that is found on the neck of …

The savannah woodlands in southeastern Africa are home to the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). There are also isolated populations of sable in Angola, Zimbabwe, northeastern Botswana, Mozambique, the northeastern part of the Caprivi Strip in Namib …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is a barrel-chested antelope with a long face, short neck, and dark mane. They have ringed horns which rise vertically and curve backward. Both male and female sable have horns, although those of the females tend to be s …

The sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) is one of Africa’s most visually impressive antelopes. Its inclusion in the “horse antelope” genus (Hippotragini) is due to its compact, sturdy build, erect mane and thick neck.1 Sable bulls have glossy black co …

The sable (Hippotragus niger) is one of Africa’s most visually striking antelopes. Its compact, sturdy build, erect mane and thick neck has led to its inclusion in the “horse antelope” genus (Hippotragini).1 Both male and female sable have scimitar-s …

The African sable (Hippotragus niger) is an antelope that inhabits the savannah of East Africa below Kenya and into South Africa. They are members of the Hippotraginae family, due to their horse-like build and erect mane that is found on the neck of …

Research, conservation and management programs often require the capture and manipulation of antelope and other large hoofstock. The development of non- and minimally invasive procedures over the years have allowed researchers, zookeepers, veterinari …

Antelopes encompass a wide variety of horned mammals in the Families Bovidae and Antilocapridae. Antelope males and the females of some species have unbranched horns that attach to the frontal bones of the skull.Antelope vary widely in size; the roya …

The nyala is a member of the spiral-horned antelope genus that includes the kudu and eland. More slightly-built than these antelopes, the nyala is noted for its extreme sexual dimorphism and specialized habitat and feeding preferences that limit its …

Chemical immobilization events present risks to wildlife regardless of size or species, but these are more pronounced when dealing with larger species such as antelope and other hoofstock in the field. Associated risks include complications such as a …

Found across southern Africa, the nyala is a member of the spiral-horned antelope genus (Tragelaphus) that includes the kudu and eland. There are two subspecies of nyala: the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), and the lowland nyala(Tragelaphus aga …

The Nyala is a large antelope that inhabits the dense forest and thick bush in areas of southern Africa. Since they do not have the running ability of other African antelopes, they are uncomfortable in open spaces and most often seen near water holes …

The nyala is a member of the spiral-horned antelope genus that includes the kudu and eland. More slightly-built than these antelopes, the nyala is noted for its sexual dimorphism and specialized habitat and feeding preferences that limit its distribu …

The nyala is a large, slender antelope of that inhabits areas of southeastern Africa. It is a member of the spiral-horned antelope genus Tragelaphini (family Bovidae), which also includes the eland and the kudu. The nyala is noted for its sexual dimo …

The nyala is a large antelope that lives in the eastern part of southern Africa. The name “nyala” is the Swahili name for this antelope, which is derived from the Zulu word "inyala."1 The nyala consists of two subspecies, the lowland nyala (Tragelaph …

The chemical immobilization of kudu antelope is often necessary for a variety of reasons, including physiological study, research, and for the purposes of wildlife management. However, immobilizing drugs can adversely affect the cardiovascular …

The nyala is a spiral-horned antelope that is native to Southern Africa. It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus Tragelaphus and was first described in 1849 by George French Angas.1 The nyala’s coat is a rusty brown in females and juveniles, …

The nyala is a large antelope that is found in the eastern part of southern Africa. Comprised of two subspecies, the lowland nyala (Tragelaphus agasi) and the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), these antelope live near areas of dense brush and on …

The nyala is found in the eastern part of southern Africa. There are two subspecies of nyala: The lowland nyala (Tragelaphus agasi), and the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni). These antelope typically live near dense brush and on the fringes of fo …

The kudu is one of the most magnificent among the African antelopes, largely due to the male’s large, spiraling horns. There are two species of kudu: The lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) and the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Female kudu …

The kudu is one of the largest African antelopes. There are two subspecies of kudu: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis). The kudu is considered to be the most handsome of the tragelaphine antelopes, …

The capture of wild animals is a highly stressful event which has the potential to cause capture-induced complications, some of which can result in morbidity or mortality. There are a number of zoological societies, universities and other organizatio …

The nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) is a member of the spiral-horned antelope genus that includes the kudu and eland. More slightly-built than these antelopes, the nyala is noted for its extreme sexual dimorphism and specialized habitat and feeding prefe …

Research, zoo applications, conservation and management programs can require the capture and manipulation of kudu antelope. The development of non- and minimally invasive procedures have allowed researchers, veterinarians and management personnel to …

The kudu is one of the most stunning of the large African antelopes. The name “kudu” is derived from the Afrikaans language (The Afrikaans term “koedoe” being a combination the words for zebra and deer).1 There are two species of kudu; the lesser kud …

Chemical Immobilization: Human Safety and Accidental Exposure is one of the courses covering the principles of and techniques relating to chemical immobilization, pharmacology and drug delivery systems offered by the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alli …

Chemical Immobilization Pharmacology: Tranquilizers is one among many courses offered by the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques. Such courses are typically taken by those who are intereste …

The kudu is one of the most spectacular of the African antelopes. It has been described as one of the most striking in the antelope family, largely due to the male’s large, spiraling horns. Female kudu have short horns, while the horns of the males g …

Many situations are encountered in the field and in zoos where the capture and restraint of wildlife is required. Improved understanding of the margins of safe capture, chemical immobilization, and handling of animals for research and management has …

Chemical immobilization is the chief method of capture for large wildlife species for the purposes of translocation, diagnostic testing or medical treatment. In zoos, farms, breeding facilities and free-ranging situations, chemical immobilization is …

The kudu is one of Africa’s largest antelopes. There are two subspecies of kudu: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis). The greater kudu is second in size to Africa’s largest antelope, the eland. The …

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) is among the zoological societies, universities and other organizations in the US that offer education in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques for those who are interested in pursuing careers in …

The nyala is a dense forest- and thick bush-dwelling antelope that is found in the eastern part of southern Africa. There are two subspecies of nyala: The lowland nyala (Tragelaphus agasi), and the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni).These antelope …

Animal restraint and handling is integral to agriculture, the pet care industry, wildlife management, animal control, scientific and biological research, zoological societies and the veterinary industry. The scope of need and the reasons for restrain …

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) is among several zoological societies, universities and organizations that offer education in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques for those who are interested in pursuing careers in veterinary m …

Capture and/or chemical immobilization events carry inherent risks to wildlife regardless of size or species, but these risks are often more pronounced when dealing with larger species, particularly in the field. Included in these risk factors is the …

Antelope comprise around 90 of the approximately 140 known species of the Bovidae family (e.g., sheep, goats, domesticated cattle). Antelope belong to the order Artiodactyla, the most distinctive feature being their even number of hooves. The kudu is …

The kudu is one of the largest African antelopes. There are two subspecies: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros),and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis). The former is second in size to the eland, Africa’s largest antelope. The greater kudu …

Some zoological societies, universities and other organizations offer education in safe capture chemical immobilizationtechniques for those who are interested in careers in veterinary medicine, wildlife management, biology, zoology, animal control an …

The kudu is considered to be one of the most striking and majestic of the African antelopes, largely due to the male’s large, spiraling horns. There are two species of kudu: The lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) and the greater kudu (Tragelaphus str …

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) is among several organizations that offer education in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques for those who are interested in or who are pursuing careers in veterinary medicine, wildlife management …

The chemical immobilization of antelope can require extended periods of immobility in the captured animal. Hypothermia is an inherent risk to any animal undergoing chemical immobilization regardless of ambient temperature, and frostbite is an even gr …

Darts used to chemically immobilize wild animals come in a variety of sizes, volumes and configurations depending upon the remote delivery system being used. Dart guns are commonly available in rifle, shotgun and pistol models. Dart guns usually empl …

There are a number of zoological societies, universities and other organizations that offer education in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques for those who are interested in or who are pursuing careers in veterinary medicine, wildlife mana …

Since the remote capture of wild animals involves a substantial investment in time, effort and money, remote injection systems must be efficient and reliable.1 Precision, and therefore the capability of the operator, are of crucial importance, since …

Immobilization is the restriction of movement of all or part of an animal’s body by physical or chemical means. It is used to facilitate management of animals and is a common practice in many animal management procedures.Wildlife researchers often ne …

The kudu is considered one of the most spectacular of the African antelopes, largely due to its size and the male’s large, spiraling horns, which grow up to 1.8 meters. The greater kudu has a larger body size, with a height ranging between 1.3 and 1. …

Restraint is the use of manual, mechanical or chemical means to limit some or all of an animal's normal voluntary movement for the purposes of examination, collection of samples, drug administration, therapy, or manipulation.1 In general, restraint i …

There are several different methods for the delivery of immobilizing agents (drugs) to free-ranging and captive wild animals. Among these are hand held syringes, pole syringes and projected darts or syringes (remote delivery systems). The decision as …

The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) is among the zoological societies that offer education in safe capture chemical immobilization techniques for those who are interested in or who are pursuing careers as a veterinarian, wildlife biologist, w …

The nature of wild and exotic animals nearly always necessitates the use of chemical immobilization for their handling and manipulation. Anesthetizing wild and exotic animals is typically done for the purposes of research, wildlife management, animal …

Kudu are comprised of two species of spiral-horned antelopes The larger greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is second in size to the largest African antelope, the eland. Males have a beard and have the longest horns of any antelope, at 47–71 inch …

Capture myopathy (also called exertional capture myopathy or exertional rhabdomyolysis) is a non-infectious but life-threatening syndrome of wild or domestic animals in which muscle damage results from extreme exertion. It often occurs as a result of …

The kudu is a large African antelope that consists of two subspecies: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis). The greater kudu is second in size to the eland, Africa’s largest antelope. Both subspecies …

There is no one drug nor class of drugs that are universally employed to tranquilize animals in veterinary medicine. Sedatives and tranquilizers play an important role in the veterinary practice, as well as in veterinary procedures involving wild ani …

In veterinary medicine, sedatives and tranquilizers are commonly used in animals to produce calmness, for chemical restraint, and as an adjunct to general anesthesia.1 In general, tranquilization reduces anxiety and induces a sense of tranquility wit …

Capture-recapture methods have a long history in the study of fish and wildlife populations. The simplest of these techniques is known as the two-sample model, which is used to estimate the unknown size of a population. The first sample provides indi …

Chemical restraint is often necessary when dealing with both domestic and exotic animals. In the former, this generally includes routine procedures on companion, work and performance large and small animals. In the latter, it includes both major and …

Zoos have been around for many centuries in various forms. Wall carvings found in Egypt and Mesopotamia suggest that aristocrats created menageries as early as 2500 BCE, and retained records of expeditions to distant lands where exotic animals were c …

The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is an African antelope species found in the lowland forests from Sierra Leone in West Africa, through Central Africa and as far as southern Sudan in east Africa. Small populations also live in the montane (highland f …

The bongo is the largest and most colorful of the forest African antelopes. Males range in weight from 240 to 405 kilograms, while the females weigh between 210 and 235 kilograms. Female and juvenile bongo are chestnut red with darker legs. Males sta …

Using the Mark and Recapture (or “Capture-Mark-Recapture”) technique, biologists, researchers or wildlife management personnel use various methods to capture animals and subsequently mark them. The methods used for marking vary depending upon the spe …

Unlike earlier times in human history, the need for capturing wild animals today extends far beyond the need for clothing and food. Today, the capture of wild species for research and conservation projects is a concern that is widely shared globally. …

It is often necessary for biologists and wildlife managers to estimate the population size of wild animal species. Knowing whether population is increasing or decreasing is integral to conservation management, and essential in cases of threatened or …

The bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is found in the lowland forests from Sierra Leone in West Africa, through Central Africa and as far as southern Sudan in east Africa. There are also small populations also living in the highland forests of K …

The Mark-Recapture technique is a method used to estimate the size of populations, and the population dynamics of wild animals when it is impractical (or impossible) to physically examine each individual animal. Sometimes called Capture-Mark-Recaptur …

When wildlife biologists require absolute estimates of a population size, they rely on alternative approaches to those based on a count of animals within a fixed unit of a habitat. One such approach is the mark recapture method (also referred to as “ …

The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) the largest and most colorful of the African forest antelopes. It is also the third heaviest antelope, after the giant eland and common eland.1 The bongo has relatively short legs and hind legs that are higher and mo …

Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) are large, forest-living antelopes that are noted for their striking reddish-brown coats with 10-15 vertical white stripes and a thin mane along their back. There are two sub-species of bongo: the Lowland bongo (the West …

Estimating population size is a fundamental objective of many wildlife management programs. The conservation and management of wild animal populations requires knowledge of their dynamics and the associated environmental influences.1 Management often …

The chemical immobilization of bongo antelope in the field is associated with more risks than in a clinical or zoo setting. In most cases, these animals cannot be examined with regards to their health status beforehand and they often cannot receive a …

Wild animals are regularly captured for a variety of reasons, some of which include conservation efforts, breeding programs, relocation and research. In areas in which the habitats of humans and wild animals overlap, the reason for capture can become …

The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is a large forest-living African antelope. Bongo are found in montane rain forests with dense undergrowth. They thrive at the forest edge and in new growth areas that occur after disturbances. Eastern (or mountain …

The practice of capturing wild animals is as old as human existence. Methods for animal capture predate recorded history, and were largely predicated upon communities’ need for food and clothing. Today, the reasons for the capture of wild species are …

Veterinarians are often called upon to help capture wild animals unharmed, to relocate animals and to safely release animals from traps during the course of their work. This may include veterinarians who are consulted by animal control personnel, vet …

Game animals are wild animals which are typically hunted for food or other resources, or for sport,1 and capture in this context means the restraint of such animals. The reasons which necessitate wildlife game vary widely, often depending on the geog …

Every year, millions of wild animals are captured as part of damage and disease control programs, population regulation activities, wildlife management efforts, and research studies.1 Many areas of animal capture—particularly those associated with pr …

The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is an African antelope species characterized by prominent colors and long, spiral horns. Bongos have a reddish-brown coat with 10-15 vertical white stripes and a thin mane running along their back. Their legs have bl …

The Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is the largest of Africa’s forest antelopes. It is nocturnal, and has two subspecies: the western or lowland bongo, and the eastern or mountain bongo. The western bongo is considered threatened and the mountain bongo …

Wild animal trainers teach and train exotic animals in numerous settings, including scientific venues, zoos, aquariums, animal parks and other facilities. Additionally, some trainers find work in the entertainment industry, training animals as perfor …

Whether or not a wild animal needs to be chemically immobilized is generally a function of accessibility to the animal, the potential risks to the animal and its handlers associated with handling it, and the degree of invasiveness of the procedures i …

When discussing animal capture techniques, or more specifically, wildlife capture techniques, two types of capture are being referenced: physical capture and chemical immobilization. Physical capture broadly describes the use of devices such as traps …

Animal capture (or wildlife capture) is an event in which an animal is caught and restrained to varying degrees by humans. Reasons for wildlife captures vary widely: marking, collaring with tracking devices, disease surveillance, translocations relat …

Numerous wildlife capture and handling education programs currently exist, covering a wide array of areas. These can include, but are not limited to training for:Persons working in or preparing to work in commercial facilities that display and/or car …

Wild and exotic animals are far more susceptible to stress and injury during capture, handling and restraint than domestic species, even in a zoo setting, wherein they have often been largely acclimatized to captivity. Even relatively minor procedure …

The Bongo antelope belongs to the genus Tragelaphus, which includes the Sitatunga, Nyala, Bushbuck, Mountain Nyala, Lesser Kudu and Greater Kudu. Bongo are further catalogued into the two subspecies Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus, the lowland or Wes …

The bongo is a large forest-living antelope that lives in the lowland forests of West Africa to southern Sudan, with small populations occupying some highland forests of Kenya and the Congo. Bongo have a reddish-brown coat with 10-15 vertical white s …

Bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus) are the largest and most colorful of the forest African antelopes. They are found mostly in the lowland forests of West Africa where they reside among the ground level shrubs and bushes, with smaller populations …

The bongo antelope is a large, forest-living antelope that lives in the lowland forests of Zaire and West Africa to southern Sudan, with small populations also living in the highland forests of Kenya and also in the Congo. Currently, all bongo are co …

There are many reasons that individuals opt for education in animal care and handling. Many areas have local health codes which require that all pet shops or businesses that sell, groom or board cats, dogs or other small animals must have someone wit …

Wildlife capture is essentially the use of systems and devices to capture wildlife species for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, research, relocation and pest control. In some cases, this may also include the capture of cert …

Capture myopathy is a life-threatening condition that can occur in animals when muscle damage results from extreme exertion or prolonged struggle. It is often identified as exertional myopathy, overstraining disease and exertional rhabdomyolysis.1 Ca …

Wildlife veterinarians are licensed medical professionals who specialize in treating many different types of wildlife, including birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. They may work in a veterinary office setting, in the field or a combination of …

Caring for wild animals is different than caring for domesticated animals and companion animals (pets) and requires specialized training and experience. From a veterinary medical perspective, it is a challenge to diagnose and treat patients that not …

Wild animals are captured, handled and housed in a wide variety of contexts, including management, conservation and scientific research. Animals are often subjected to similar procedures and risks of compromised welfare from capture, anesthesia, hand …

The word “antelope” is used to describe a wide variety of horned mammals in the Families Bovidae and Antilocapridae. Antelope males (and the females of some species) have unbranched horns that attach to the frontal bones of the skull.Antelope vary wi …

Depending on the area in which they function, animal control officers can be called upon to interact with wildlife on a regular basis. In suburban, rural and semi-rural regions where various where the habitats of humans and wildlife species overlap, …

Research, zoo applications, conservation and management programs can require the capture and manipulation of antelope. The development of non- and minimally invasive procedures over the years have allowed researchers, veterinarians and management per …

Antelope are a diverse collection of ruminants of the families Antilocapridae and Bovidae. The bongo is a large forest-living antelope that lives in the lowland forests of Zaire and West Africa to southern Sudan. There are also small populations in t …

Wildlife managers, researchers and veterinarians in zoo settings sometimes need to immobilize antelope to mark them for identification, to provide veterinary treatment or to relocate them from dangerous or overpopulated locations. While the term “imm …

The chemical immobilization of antelope is often necessary for a variety of reasons, including physiological study, research, and for the purposes of wildlife management. However, immobilizing drugs can adversely affect the cardiovascular and respira …

Capture and/or chemical immobilization events carry inherent risks to wildlife regardless of size or species, but these risks are often more pronounced when dealing with larger species such as antelope and other hoofstock in the field. During capture …

Apart from traps, capture with nets and the mass-capture of herds of animals, chemical immobilization has become the chief method of capture for large wildlife species for the purposes of translocation, diagnostic testing or medical treatment. In zoo …

The chemical immobilization of antelope can require extended periods of immobility in the captured animal, particularly as regards antelope species in North America and other areas of the Northern Hemisphere. While hypothermia is an inherent risk to …

Antelope are very widespread animals, comprising around 90 of the approximately 140 known species of the Bovidaefamily (which includes sheep, goats, and domesticated cattle). Antelope belong to the order Artiodactyla, the most distinctive feature of …

Shock is a critical condition that is brought on by a sudden drop in blood flow throughout an animal’s body. Shock can be the result of a wide variety of conditions or circumstances, including extreme physical stress, trauma, disease, heatstroke, blo …