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Oftentimes, procedures that are routinely accomplished in companion animals with minimal restraint require sedation or anesthesia for exotic species, whether in the veterinary small animal practice,...

Many procedures that are routinely accomplished in domestic animals with minimal restraint require anesthesia for the welfare and safety of both the zoo animal and veterinarian. Therefore, the...

Animals in the zoo setting are similar to domestic animals in the sense that they all require regular veterinary care. Some zoo animals may be examined without any sedation, while others require full...

While the anesthesia of wild animals is often carried out under difficult conditions, procedures for the anesthesia of zoo animals—many being of the same species encountered in the...

Opioids are a class of drugs that include natural derivatives (e.g., illicit drugs such as heroin), synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone,...

Xylazine (Xylazine HCl) is an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist (α2- adrenergic agonist) that is used as a sedative and analgesic agent in a variety of species, as well as an emetic in cats...

Horses can endure small numbers of parasitic worms without developing clinical signs of disease. In fact, parasitic worms do live in the intestines of most horses. Larger infestations of worms can...

One of the most prevalent medical issues seen in horses is osteoarthritis, which is also referred to as degenerative joint disease. There is no cure for this syndrome, since once physical damage has...

Powerful synthetic opiates are essential tools for capturing and handling wild animals. These drugs provide rapid and relatively long-lasting immobilization that can be completely reversed by...

There are nearly innumerable bacteria that exist in the average horse’s environment. While some are harmless and others are beneficial, some species (pathogens) can cause disease if given a...

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is an extremely debilitating disease that is common on horse farms and facilities in the Americas, although only a small percentage of horses that are...

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a central nervous system (CNS) infection of horses with either of the apicomplexan protozoa Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi...